[119] There were three Jewish tribes who allied themselves with the two paganistic Arab tribes of Madinah before Islam, falling, thus, into two rivalling parties. On the one hand, there were the Jewish Banū Qaynuqāʿ the allies of the Arab tribe of al-Khazraj and, on the other, there were Banū al-Naḍīr and Banū Qurayẓah who took sides with the Arab tribe of al-Aws. In their infamous prolonged feuds, the Jewish clans fought alongside their allies against their brethren knowing what the Torah says about killing one another and driving one another out of the land. Even when arms were laid aside, they would ransom one another. Thus this Divine admonition. (al-Saʿdī)
[120] al-Ḥayāt al-Dunyā, translated as worldly life, literally means, the lower/close/nearly life, in comparison with al-Ḥayāt al-Ākhirah (lit. the last/final/ultimate life), i.e. the Hereafter. This comparison is always present in the Qur’an. Whereas living merely for this lowly, worldly-life is strongly condemned, seeking the reward of the loftier Hereafter is, by contrast, highly commended.
[121] The Torah.
[122] Cf. 5: 44.
[123] These are the miracles that Jesus performed (al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Kathīr, al-Saʿdī), which are spelled out in 3: 49 and 5: 110.
[124] Rūḥ al-Qudus (lit. the Sanctified Spirit) is Angel Gabriel (عليه السلام). (al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Kathīr)
[125] Ghulf, wrapped in a cover, alternatively means “uncircumcised”, a term which is often used in the Bible: Leviticus 26: 41, Jeremiah 9: 26, Ezekiel 44: 7.