[988] Such stratagems are a direct result of confidential counsels (najwā) carried out behind closed doors at the dead of night. Plotting and scheming in private is a characteristic of the insincere of Faith and who never express such evil thoughts in public (cf. Ibn ʿĀshūr).
[989] Ṣadaqah is giving out, extending to people useful things such as money, knowledge, kindness (cf. al-Ṭabarī, al-Saʿdī).
[990] al-Maʿrūf is all that is good and encouraged by God (cf. al-Ṭabarī, al-Saʿdī).