وه‌رگێڕانی ماناكان سوره‌تی النساء - وەرگێڕاوی ئینگلیزی - د. ولید بلیهش العمري - کارکردن لەسەری بەردەوامە. - ژمارەی پەڕە 79 - فرەفەرهەنگی قورئانی پیرۆز

12 : 4

۞ وَلَكُمۡ نِصۡفُ مَا تَرَكَ أَزۡوَٰجُكُمۡ إِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّهُنَّ وَلَدٞۚ فَإِن كَانَ لَهُنَّ وَلَدٞ فَلَكُمُ ٱلرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَكۡنَۚ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٖ يُوصِينَ بِهَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٖۚ وَلَهُنَّ ٱلرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَكۡتُمۡ إِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّكُمۡ وَلَدٞۚ فَإِن كَانَ لَكُمۡ وَلَدٞ فَلَهُنَّ ٱلثُّمُنُ مِمَّا تَرَكۡتُمۚ مِّنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٖ تُوصُونَ بِهَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٖۗ وَإِن كَانَ رَجُلٞ يُورَثُ كَلَٰلَةً أَوِ ٱمۡرَأَةٞ وَلَهُۥٓ أَخٌ أَوۡ أُخۡتٞ فَلِكُلِّ وَٰحِدٖ مِّنۡهُمَا ٱلسُّدُسُۚ فَإِن كَانُوٓاْ أَكۡثَرَ مِن ذَٰلِكَ فَهُمۡ شُرَكَآءُ فِي ٱلثُّلُثِۚ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٖ يُوصَىٰ بِهَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٍ غَيۡرَ مُضَآرّٖۚ وَصِيَّةٗ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَلِيمٞ

(12) ^[802]To you belongs half of what your spouses^[803] leave behind, ˹that is˺ if they do not have children; but if they have children then yours is a quarter of what they leave behind, ˹that is all˺ after ˹fulfilling˺ a bequest they made and ˹paying their˺ debt. Theirs ˹widows’˺ is a quarter of what you ˹men˺ leave behind, if you do not have children; ˹but˺ if you have children, theirs is an eighth of what you leave behind, ˹that is all˺ after ˹fulfilling˺ a bequest you made and ˹paying your˺ debt. If he is a childless parentless man^[804], or ˹be her˺ a woman, and he has a brother or sister, then each one receives a sixth; ˹but˺ if they are more than that, then they share a third, ˹that is all˺ after ˹fulfilling˺ a bequest made and ˹paying˺ a debt; ˹given that this bequest or debt˺ is not detrimental ˹to an inheritor˺^[805]. ˹This is˺ An advice^[806] from Allah—Allah is All-Knowing, All-Forbearing.

[802] Whilst the previous aya details the shares of inheritance of blood relatives (al-wirāthah bi al-nasab), this one explains the shares of those related through marriage (al-wirāthah bi al-muṣāharah). (Abū Ḥayyān)
[803] Wives.
[804] A person who has no living children or parents is known as kalālah (from iklīl, wreath, as his brothers and sisters surround him like a wreath surrounds the head). Ibn ʿAbbās (رضي الله عنهما) said: “I was the last person to see ʿUmar (رضي الله عنه) and I heard him say: “Mine is the final word! al-kalālah is the person who has neither children nor parents”. (Ibn Abū Ḥātim; its chain of narrators was deemed authentic by Aḥmad Shākir in ʿUmdat al-Tafāsīr).
[805] al-Rāzī in his Tafsīr says: “A will can be detrimental to inheritors in a number of ways: 1) whereby the testator bequeaths more than a third of the money; 2) whereby he/she bequeaths all their money to non-relatives; 3) whereby he/she falsely declares a debt to preclude heirs from the inheritance; 4) whereby the testator declares that a debt due to him/her was settled while it was not; 5) whereby someone sells something valuable for a pittance, or buys some worthless item and pays dearly for it with the intention of depriving heirs of the money; 6) whereby the testator bequeaths a third of the wealth not with pure intention but rather to lessen the share of the inheritors”.
[806] A binding commandment which you have to comply with. (al-Ṭabarī, Ibn ʿĀshūr)

13 : 4

تِلۡكَ حُدُودُ ٱللَّهِۚ وَمَن يُطِعِ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ يُدۡخِلۡهُ جَنَّٰتٖ تَجۡرِي مِن تَحۡتِهَا ٱلۡأَنۡهَٰرُ خَٰلِدِينَ فِيهَاۚ وَذَٰلِكَ ٱلۡفَوۡزُ ٱلۡعَظِيمُ

(13) Those^[807] are the boundaries of Allah, whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger will be admitted into Gardens under which rivers flow—indeed that is the great triumph.

[807] All of the aforementioned rulings and dictates. (al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Kathīr, al-Saʿdī)

14 : 4

وَمَن يَعۡصِ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ وَيَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَهُۥ يُدۡخِلۡهُ نَارًا خَٰلِدٗا فِيهَا وَلَهُۥ عَذَابٞ مُّهِينٞ

(14) Whoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger, and flouts His boundaries, will be admitted into a Fire, forever he abides therein—his is a humiliating Punishment.