Translation of the meanings Ayah 46 Surah Al-Muddaththir - Pashto translation - Maulvi Janbaz Sarfaraz - The Noble Qur'an Encyclopedia

Home
Translations’ Index
Developers services
About
Contact Us
Language

Home
Translations’ Index
About
Language

Translation of the Meanings of the Noble Qur'an - Pashto translation - Maulvi Janbaz Sarfaraz

1

Al-Fātihah

7 آيات

Al-Faatiha
2

Al-Baqarah

286 آيات

Al-Baqara
3

Āl-‘Imrān

200 آيات

Aal-i-Imraan
4

An-Nisā’

176 آيات

An-Nisaa
5

Al-Mā’idah

120 آيات

Al-Maaida
6

Al-An‘ām

165 آيات

Al-An'aam
7

Al-A‘rāf

206 آيات

Al-A'raaf
8

Al-Anfāl

75 آيات

Al-Anfaal
9

At-Tawbah

129 آيات

At-Tawba
10

Yūnus

109 آيات

Yunus
11

Hūd

123 آيات

Hud
12

Yūsuf

111 آيات

Yusuf
13

Ar-Ra‘d

43 آيات

Ar-Ra'd
14

Ibrāhīm

52 آيات

Ibrahim
15

Al-Hijr

99 آيات

Al-Hijr
16

An-Nahl

128 آيات

An-Nahl
17

Al-Isrā’

111 آيات

Al-Israa
18

Al-Kahf

110 آيات

Al-Kahf
19

Maryam

98 آيات

Maryam
20

Tā-ha

135 آيات

Taa-Haa
21

Al-Anbiyā’

112 آيات

Al-Anbiyaa
22

Al-Hajj

78 آيات

Al-Hajj
23

Al-Mu’minūn

118 آيات

Al-Muminoon
24

An-Noor

64 آيات

An-Noor
25

Al-Furqān

77 آيات

Al-Furqaan
26

Ash-Shu‘arā’

227 آيات

Ash-Shu'araa
27

An-Naml

93 آيات

An-Naml
28

Al-Qasas

88 آيات

Al-Qasas
29

Al-‘Ankabūt

69 آيات

Al-Ankaboot
30

Ar-Rūm

60 آيات

Ar-Room
31

Luqmān

34 آيات

Luqman
32

As-Sajdah

30 آيات

As-Sajda
33

Al-Ahzāb

73 آيات

Al-Ahzaab
34

Saba’

54 آيات

Saba
35

Fātir

45 آيات

Faatir
36

Yā-Sīn

83 آيات

Yaseen
37

As-Sāffāt

182 آيات

As-Saaffaat
38

Sād

88 آيات

Saad
39

Az-Zumar

75 آيات

Az-Zumar
40

Ghāfir

85 آيات

Al-Ghaafir
41

Fussilat

54 آيات

Fussilat
42

Ash-Shūra

53 آيات

Ash-Shura
43

Az-Zukhruf

89 آيات

Az-Zukhruf
44

Ad-Dukhān

59 آيات

Ad-Dukhaan
45

Al-Jāthiyah

37 آيات

Al-Jaathiya
46

Al-Ahqāf

35 آيات

Al-Ahqaf
47

Muhammad

38 آيات

Muhammad
48

Al-Fat'h

29 آيات

Al-Fath
49

Al-Hujurāt

18 آيات

Al-Hujuraat
50

Qāf

45 آيات

Qaaf
51

Adh-Dhāriyāt

60 آيات

Adh-Dhaariyat
52

At-Toor

49 آيات

At-Tur
53

An-Najm

62 آيات

An-Najm
54

Al-Qamar

55 آيات

Al-Qamar
55

Ar-Rahmān

78 آيات

Ar-Rahmaan
56

Al-Wāqi‘ah

96 آيات

Al-Waaqia
57

Al-Hadīd

29 آيات

Al-Hadid
58

Al-Mujādalah

22 آيات

Al-Mujaadila
59

Al-Hashr

24 آيات

Al-Hashr
60

Al-Mumtahanah

13 آيات

Al-Mumtahana
61

As-Saff

14 آيات

As-Saff
62

Al-Jumu‘ah

11 آيات

Al-Jumu'a
63

Al-Munāfiqūn

11 آيات

Al-Munaafiqoon
64

At-Taghābun

18 آيات

At-Taghaabun
65

At-Talāq

12 آيات

At-Talaaq
66

At-Tahrīm

12 آيات

At-Tahrim
67

Al-Mulk

30 آيات

Al-Mulk
68

Al-Qalam

52 آيات

Al-Qalam
69

Al-Hāqqah

52 آيات

Al-Haaqqa
70

Al-Ma‘ārij

44 آيات

Al-Ma'aarij
71

Nūh

28 آيات

Nooh
72

Al-Jinn

28 آيات

Al-Jinn
73

Al-Muzzammil

20 آيات

Al-Muzzammil
74

Al-Muddaththir

56 آيات

Al-Muddaththir
75

Al-Qiyāmah

40 آيات

Al-Qiyaama
76

Al-Insān

31 آيات

Al-Insaan
77

Al-Mursalāt

50 آيات

Al-Mursalaat
78

An-Naba’

40 آيات

An-Naba
79

An-Nāzi‘āt

46 آيات

An-Naazi'aat
80

‘Abasa

42 آيات

Abasa
81

At-Takwīr

29 آيات

At-Takwir
82

Al-Infitār

19 آيات

Al-Infitaar
83

Al-Mutaffifīn

36 آيات

Al-Mutaffifin
84

Al-Inshiqāq

25 آيات

Al-Inshiqaaq
85

Al-Burūj

22 آيات

Al-Burooj
86

At-Tāriq

17 آيات

At-Taariq
87

Al-A‘lā

19 آيات

Al-A'laa
88

Al-Ghāshiyah

26 آيات

Al-Ghaashiya
89

Al-Fajr

30 آيات

Al-Fajr
90

Al-Balad

20 آيات

Al-Balad
91

Ash-Shams

15 آيات

Ash-Shams
92

Al-Layl

21 آيات

Al-Lail
93

Ad-Duhā

11 آيات

Ad-Dhuhaa
94

Ash-Sharh

8 آيات

Ash-Sharh
95

At-Teen

8 آيات

At-Tin
96

Al-‘Alaq

19 آيات

Al-Alaq
97

Al-Qadr

5 آيات

Al-Qadr
98

Al-Bayyinah

8 آيات

Al-Bayyina
99

Az-Zalzalah

8 آيات

Az-Zalzala
100

Al-‘Ādiyāt

11 آيات

Al-Aadiyaat
101

Al-Qāri‘ah

11 آيات

Al-Qaari'a
102

At-Takāthur

8 آيات

At-Takaathur
103

Al-‘Asr

3 آيات

Al-Asr
104

Al-Humazah

9 آيات

Al-Humaza
105

Al-Feel

5 آيات

Al-Fil
106

Quraysh

4 آيات

Quraish
107

Al-Mā‘ūn

7 آيات

Al-Maa'un
108

Al-Kawthar

3 آيات

Al-Kawthar
109

Al-Kāfirūn

6 آيات

Al-Kaafiroon
110

An-Nasr

3 آيات

An-Nasr
111

Al-Masad

5 آيات

Al-Masad
112

Al-Ikhlās

4 آيات

Al-Ikhlaas
113

Al-Falaq

5 آيات

Al-Falaq
114

An-Nās

6 آيات

An-Naas

Show the Ayah

Show the footnote

Page Number: 576

46 : 74

وَكُنَّا نُكَذِّبُ بِیَوْمِ الدِّیْنِ ۟ۙ

او د جزا او سزا ورځ مو درواغ ګڼله.

التفاسير:

Send note:

The text to comment on:

Name

Email

Note *

(Send note: Pashto translation - Maulvi Janbaz Sarfaraz - Surah:Al-Muddaththir - Ayah:)

Suggested Text (Optional)

Translations’ Index

أختر الترجمة

En - English

English translation - Rowwad Translation Center

English Translation - Noor International Center

English Translation - Hilali and Khan

English Translation - Dr. Waleed Bleyhesh Omary (in progress)

Ar - العربية

Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran in Arabic language

Arabic language - Abridged Interpretation

Arabic language - Meanings of words

Al-Yasir in Interpretation

Fr - Français

French translation - Rashid Maash

French translation - issued by Noor International

French translation - Muhammad Hamidullah

French translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Es - Español

Spanish translation - issued by Noor International

Spanish Translation - Isa Garcia

Spanish (Latin) translation - issued by Noor International

Spanish translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Pt - Português

Portuguese translation - Helmi Nasr

El - ελληνικά

Greek Translation - Rowad Translation Center

De - Deutsch

German Translation - Frank Bubenheim

German translation - Abu Rida

German Translation - Rowwad Translation Center

It - Italiano

Italian translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Italian translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Bg - български

Bulgarian translation

Ro - Română

Romanian translation - Islam4ro.com

Nl - Nederlands

Dutch translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Tr - Türkçe

Turkish translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Turkish Translation - Shaaban British

Turkish translation - Dr. Ali Ozek and others

Turkish translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Az - Azərbaycanca

Azerbaijani translation - Alikhan Musayev

Azerbaijani translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Ka - ქართული

Georgian translation (in progress)

Mk

Macedonian translation - a group of Macedonian scholars

Sq - Shqip

Albanian Translation - Hasan Nahi

Albanian translation - Rowwad Translation Center (in progress)

Bs - Bosanski

Bosnian Translation - Rowwad Translation Centre

Bosnian Translation - Muhammad Mihanovich

Bosnian Translation - Besim Korkut

Bosnian translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Ru - Русский

Russian Translation by Abu Adel

Sr - Српски

Serbian translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Serbian translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Hr

Croatian translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Lt

Lithuanian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Uk - українська

Ukrainian translation - Mikhailo Yakuboych

Kk - қазақ тілі

Kazakh translation - Khalifa Altai

Uz - Ўзбек

Uzbek translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Uzbek Translation - Muhammad Sadiq

Uzbek translation - Alaauddin Mansour

Uzbek translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Tg - тоҷикӣ

Tajik translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Tajik translation - Khoja Mirov Khoja Mir

Ky - Кыргызча

Kyrgyz translation - Shamsuddin Hakimov

Kyrgyz translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Ci - Адыгэбзэ

Ti - ትግርኛ

Id - Bahasa Indonesia

Indonesian Translation - Sabeq Company

Indonesian translation - Ministry of Religious Affairs

Indonesian translation - The Assembly

Indonesian translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Tl - Wikang Tagalog

Filipino (Tagalog) translation- Rowwad Translation Center

Persian Filipino (Tagalog) translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Bis

Filipino translation (Bisayan) - Rowwad Translation Center

Ilp

Filipino (Iranun) Translation

Mdh - Maguindanaon

Filipino Translation (Maguindanaon) - Rowad Translation Center

Ms

Malay translation - Abdullah Basumayyah

Zh - 中文

Chinese translation - Muhammad Sulaiman

Chinese Translation - Muhammad Makin

Chinese translation - Basair

Chinese translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Ug - ئۇيغۇرچە

Uyghur translation - Muhammad Saleh

Uyghur translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Ja - 日本語

Japanese translation - Saeed Sato

Japanese translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Ko - 한국어

Korean Translation - Hamed Choi

Korean Translation - Rowwad Translation Center (in progress)

Vi - Tiếng Việt

Vietnamese translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Vietnamese translation - Hasan Abdulkarim

Vietnamese translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Th - ไทย

Thai translation - A group of seekers of knowledge

Thai translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Km

Khmer translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Khmer translation - Islamic Community Development Association

Khmer translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Fa - فارسی

Persian translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Persian Translation - As-Saadi's interpretation

Persian translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Prs

Dari translation - Muhammad Anwar Badakhshani

Ku - Kurdî

Kurdish translation - Muhammad Salih Bamoki

Kurdish translation - Salahuddin

Kurdish translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Kmr

Kurdish (Kurmanji) translation - Ismail Segari

Ps - پښتو

Pashto Translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Pashto translation - Abu Zakaria

Pashto translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

He - עברית

Hebrew translation - Darussalam Association

Ur - اردو

Urdu translation - Muhammad Junagarhi

Hi - हिन्दी

Hindi translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari

Hindi translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Bn - বাংলা

Bengali translation - Abu Bakr Zakaria

Bengali translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Mr

Marathi translation - Muhammad Shafi Ansari

Te - తెలుగు

Telugu translation - Abdurrahim ibn Muhammad

Telugu translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Gu

Gujarati translation - Rabila Al-Omari

Ml - മലയാളം

Malayalam translation - Abdulhamid Haidar Al-Madany & Kunhi Muhammad

Malayalam translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Malayalam translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Kn - ಕನ್ನಡ

Kannada translation - Hamza Butur

Kannada language - Sh. Bashir Misuri

As - অসমীয়া

Assamese translation - Rafiqul Islam Habibur Rahman.

Asamesee translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Pa

Punjabi translation - Arif Halim

Ta - தமிழ்

Tamil translation - Omar Sharif

Tamil translation - Abdulhamid Albaqoi

Tamil translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Si - සිංහල

Sinhalese translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Sinhalese translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Ne - नेपाली

Nepali translation - Ahlul Hadith Association

Sw - Kiswahili

Swahili translation - Rowad Translation Center

Swahili translation - Ali Muhsen Al-Berwani

Swahili translation - Abdullah Muhammad & Naser Khamis

So - Soomaali

Somali Translation - Abdullah Hasan Yaqoub

Am - አማርኛ

Amharic translation - Africa Academy

Amharic translation - Muhammad Sadiq

Yo - Èdè Yorùbá

Yoruba translation - Abu Rahima Mikael

Ha - Hausa

Hausa translation - Abu Bakr Jomy

Om

Oromo translation - Gali Ababor

Mg - Malagasy

Malagasy translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Luy

Luhya translation - International Society for Science and Culture

Aa - Afaraf

Afri translation - Mahmoud Abdulqader Hamza

Lg - Luganda

Luganda translation - African Development Foundation

Nqo

N'ko translation - Sulaiman Kanti

N'ko translation - Baba Mamadi

Rw - Kinyarwanda

Kinyarwanda translation - Rwanda Muslim Association

Rn

Kirundi translation - Yusuf Gheti

Mos - Mõõré

Moore translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Dag

Dagbani translation - Muhammad Baba Ghutubo

Ny

Chewa translation - Khaled Ibrahim Batyala

Asn

Akan Translation (Asante)- Harun Ismail

Yao

Yaw translation - Muhammad ibn Abdulhamid Silika

Ff - Pulaar

Fulani Translation - Rowad Translation Center

Fulani translation of Al-Mukhtsar in interpretation of the Noble Quran

Ln

Lingala translation - Mohammed Balangogo

Contact Us

Name *

Email *

Message *

Search results

Home
About
Tafsir Saadi

موسوعة الأحاديث النبوية
موسوعة المصطلحات الإسلامية
بيان الإسلام

Subscribe to the Mailing list

Important note: It is noteworthy that no matter how accurate any translation of the meanings of the Qur’an may be, it will still fall short in conveying the transcendent meanings of the miraculous Qur’anic text, and that the meanings conveyed by this translation is only the product reached by the extent of the team’s knowledge in understanding this Sacred Book. Hence, this translation cannot be error-free, as is the case with any human endeavor. Should you have any remarks or recommendations concerning the translation, please do not hesitate to write in the comment box next to each verse on the website, or send us an email via: [email protected]

QuranEnc.com © 2025

API specs

Endpoints:

Sura translation

GET / https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura/{translation_key}/{sura_number}

Description: get the specified translation (by its translation_key) for the speicified sura (by its number)

Parameters:

translation_key: (the key of the currently selected translation)

sura_number: [1-114] (Sura number in the mosshaf which should be between 1 and 114)

Returns: json object containing array of objects, each object contains the "sura", "aya", "translation" and "footnotes".

Example: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/sura//1

Aya translation

GET / https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/aya/{translation_key}/{sura_number}/{aya_number}

Description: get the specified translation (by its translation_key) for the speicified aya (by its number sura_number and aya_number)

Parameters:

translation_key: (the key of the currently selected translation)

sura_number: [1-114] (Sura number in the mosshaf which should be between 1 and 114)

aya_number: [1-...] (Aya number in the sura)

Returns: json object containing the "sura", "aya", "translation" and "footnotes".

Example: https://quranenc.com/api/v1/translation/aya//1/1

ترجم إلي

world

world

world

world

world

world

world

world

world

world

world

world

world

world

বাংলা

world

world

world

world

world

world

ئۇيغۇرچە

world

हिन्दी

world

සිංහල

world

অসমীয়া

world

தமிழ்

world

world

world

മലയാളം

world

world

world

world

ភាសាខ្មែរ

world

world

नेपाली

world

world

world

world

world

ગુજરાતી

world

world

world

ಕನ್ನಡ

Search

نص القرآن الكريم

English translation - Rowwad Translation Center

English Translation - Noor International Center

Arabic language - Abridged Interpretation

Arabic language - Meanings of words

Al-Yasir in Interpretation

English Translation - Hilali and Khan

English Translation - Dr. Waleed Bleyhesh Omary (in progress)

English Translation - Abdullah Hasan Yaqoub

French translation - Rashid Maash

French translation - issued by Noor International

French translation - Muhammad Hamidullah

Spanish translation - issued by Noor International

Spanish Translation - Isa Garcia

Spanish (Latin) translation - issued by Noor International

Portuguese translation - Helmi Nasr

Greek Translation - Rowad Translation Center

German Translation - Frank Bubenheim

German translation - Abu Rida

German Translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Italian translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Bulgarian translation

Romanian translation - Islam4ro.com

Dutch translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Turkish translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Turkish Translation - Shaaban British

Turkish translation - Dr. Ali Ozek and others

Azerbaijani translation - Alikhan Musayev

Georgian translation (in progress)

Macedonian translation - a group of Macedonian scholars

Albanian Translation - Hasan Nahi

Albanian translation - Rowwad Translation Center (in progress)

Bosnian Translation - Rowwad Translation Centre

Bosnian Translation - Muhammad Mihanovich

Bosnian Translation - Besim Korkut

Russian Translation by Abu Adel

Serbian translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Croatian translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Lithuanian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Ukrainian translation - Mikhailo Yakuboych

Kazakh translation - Khalifa Altai

Uzbek translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Uzbek Translation - Muhammad Sadiq

Uzbek translation - Alaauddin Mansour

Tajik translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Tajik translation - Khoja Mirov Khoja Mir

Kyrgyz translation - Shamsuddin Hakimov

Circassian language - Rowwad Translation Center

Tigrinya language - Burhan

Indonesian Translation - Sabeq Company

Indonesian translation - Ministry of Religious Affairs

Indonesian translation - The Assembly

Filipino (Tagalog) translation- Rowwad Translation Center

Filipino translation (Bisayan) - Rowwad Translation Center

Filipino (Iranun) Translation

Filipino Translation (Maguindanaon) - Rowad Translation Center

Malay translation - Abdullah Basumayyah

Chinese translation - Muhammad Sulaiman

Chinese Translation - Muhammad Makin

Chinese translation - Basair

Uyghur translation - Muhammad Saleh

Japanese translation - Saeed Sato

Korean Translation - Hamed Choi

Korean Translation - Rowwad Translation Center (in progress)

Vietnamese translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Vietnamese translation - Hasan Abdulkarim

Thai translation - A group of seekers of knowledge

Khmer translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Khmer translation - Islamic Community Development Association

Persian translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Persian Translation - As-Saadi's interpretation

Dari translation - Muhammad Anwar Badakhshani

Kurdish translation - Muhammad Salih Bamoki

Kurdish translation - Salahuddin

Kurdish (Kurmanji) translation - Ismail Segari

Pashto Translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Pashto translation - Abu Zakaria

Pashto translation - Maulvi Janbaz Sarfaraz

Hebrew translation - Darussalam Association

Urdu translation - Muhammad Junagarhi

Hindi translation - Azizul Haq Al-Omari

Bengali translation - Abu Bakr Zakaria

Marathi translation - Muhammad Shafi Ansari

Telugu translation - Abdurrahim ibn Muhammad

Gujarati translation - Rabila Al-Omari

Malayalam translation - Abdulhamid Haidar Al-Madany & Kunhi Muhammad

Kannada translation - Hamza Butur

Kannada language - Sh. Bashir Misuri

Assamese translation - Rafiqul Islam Habibur Rahman.

Punjabi translation - Arif Halim

Tamil translation - Omar Sharif

Tamil translation - Abdulhamid Albaqoi

Sinhalese translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Nepali translation - Ahlul Hadith Association

Swahili translation - Rowad Translation Center

Swahili translation - Ali Muhsen Al-Berwani

Swahili translation - Abdullah Muhammad & Naser Khamis

Somali Translation - Abdullah Hasan Yaqoub

Amharic translation - Africa Academy

Amharic translation - Muhammad Sadiq

Yoruba translation - Abu Rahima Mikael

Hausa translation - Abu Bakr Jomy

Oromo translation - Gali Ababor

Malagasy translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Luhya translation - International Society for Science and Culture

Afri translation - Mahmoud Abdulqader Hamza

Luganda translation - African Development Foundation

N'ko translation - Sulaiman Kanti

N'ko translation - Baba Mamadi

Kinyarwanda translation - Rwanda Muslim Association

Kirundi translation - Yusuf Gheti

Moore translation - Rowwad Translation Center

Dagbani translation - Muhammad Baba Ghutubo

Chewa translation - Khaled Ibrahim Batyala

Akan Translation (Asante)- Harun Ismail

Yaw translation - Muhammad ibn Abdulhamid Silika

Fulani Translation - Rowad Translation Center

Lingala translation - Mohammed Balangogo

Terms and Policies

Contents of the translations can be downloaded and re-published, with the following terms and conditions:

1. No modification, addition, or deletion of the content.

2. Clearly referring to the publisher and the source (QuranEnc.com).

3. Mentioning the version number when re-publishing the translation.

4. Keeping the transcript information inside the document.

5. Notifying the source (QuranEnc.com) of any note on the translation.

6. Updating the translation according to the latest version issued from the source (QuranEnc.com).

7. Inappropriate advertisements must not be included when displaying translations of the meanings of the Noble Quran.