[39] The joining of the hearts was indeed a great favour, as the extent of enmity among them in the pre-Islamic era was rampant.
[41] It is referring to the disbelievers of Quraysh who were taken as captives by the Prophet (ﷺ) in the wake of Badr.
[42] i.e., material benefits, such as the ransom paid by prisoners.
[43] This ‘decree’: 1) that He would make spoils and ransom lawful, 2) that He would not punish for a matter not explained previously, 3) and that He would not punish the Companions who attended Badr.
[44] When Allah saw the destitution and helplessness of the Muslims, He made gains of war lawful for them.